Malayalam script
Type
Languages	Malayalam Sanskrit Paniya Betta Kurumba Ravula
Time period	C. 830 – present^[1]^[2]
Proto-Sinaitic script Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Brahmi script Tamil-Brahmi Grantha alphabet Malayalam script
Sinhala script Tigalari script
Direction	Left-to-right
ISO 15924	`Mlym, 347`
Unicode alias	Malayalam
U+0D00–U+0D7F
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

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A bilingual sign in Malayalam and Latin script (English) in Kasaragod

Malayalam script (Malayāḷalipi; IPA: [mələjɑːɭə lɪpɪ](listen) / Malayalam: മലയാളലിപി) is a Brahmic script used commonly to write the Malayalam language, which is the principal language of Kerala, India, spoken by 35 million people in the world.^[3] Malayalam script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Kerala. Like many other Indic scripts, it is an alphasyllabary (abugida), a writing system that is partially “alphabetic” and partially syllable-based. The modern Malayalam alphabet has 15 vowel letters, 36 consonant letters, and a few other symbols. The Malayalam script is a Vatteluttu alphabet extended with symbols from the Grantha alphabet to represent Indo-Aryan loanwords.^[4]The script is also used to write several minority languages such as Paniya, Betta Kurumba, and Ravula.^[5] The Malayalam language itself was historically written in several different scripts.

1Overview
- 1.2History
  - 1.2.3Orthography reform
    - 1.2.3.1Recommendations by the committees
2Malayalam letters
- 2.1Vowels
- 2.2Consonants
- 2.3Chandrakkala
- 2.4Ligatures
  - 2.4.1Consonant ligatures
3Unicode

Overview[edit]

Characteristics[edit]

The basic characters can be classified as follows:

Vowels (സ്വരം, svaram)
1. Independent vowel letters
2. Dependent vowel signs
Consonant letters (വ്യഞ്ജനം, vyañjanam)

An independent vowel letter is used as the first letter of a word that begins with a vowel. A consonant letter, despite its name, does not represent a pure consonant, but represents a consonant + a short vowel /a/ by default. For example, ക is the first consonant letter of the Malayalam alphabet, which represents /ka/, not a simple /k/. A vowel sign is a diacritic attached to a consonant letter to indicate that the consonant is followed by a vowel other than /a/. If the following vowel is /a/, no vowel sign is needed. The phoneme /a/ that follows a consonant by default is called an inherent vowel. In Malayalam, its phonetic value is unrounded[ɐ],^[6] or [ə] as an allophone. To denote a pure consonant sound not followed by a vowel, a special diacritic virama is used to cancel the inherent vowel. The following are examples where a consonant letter is used with or without a diacritic.

കിki = കka + ി vowel sign i
കുku = കka + ു vowel sign u
കൈkai = കka + ൈ vowel sign ai
ക്k = കka + ് virama
കka = consonant letter കka itself, with no vowel sign

Malayalam alphabet is unicase, or does not have a case distinction. It is written from left to right, but certain vowel signs are attached to the left (the opposite direction) of a consonant letter that it logically follows. In the word കേരളം (Kēraḷam), the vowel sign േ (ē) visually appears in the leftmost position, though the vowel ē logically follows the consonant k.

History[edit]

Malayalam was first written in the Vatteluttu alphabet, an ancient script of Tamil. However, the modern Malayalam script evolved from the Grantha alphabet, which was originally used to write Sanskrit. Both Vatteluttu and Grantha evolved from the Tamil-Brahmi, but independently.

Vatteluttu alphabet[edit]

Vattezhuthu (Malayalam: വട്ടെഴുത്ത്, Vaṭṭezhuthŭ^?, “round writing”) is a script that had evolved from Tamil-Brahmi and was once used extensively in the southern part of present-day Tamil Nadu and in Kerala.

Malayalam was first written in Vattezhuthu. The Vazhappally inscription issued by Rajashekhara Varman is the earliest example, dating from about 830 CE.^[1]^[2] In the Tamil country, the modern Tamil script had supplanted Vattezhuthu by the 15th century, but in the Malabar region, Vattezhuthu remained in general use up to the 17th century,^[7] or the 18th century.^[8] A variant form of this script, Kolezhuthu, was used until about the 19th century mainly in the Kochi area and in the Malabar area.^[9] Another variant form, Malayanma, was used in the south of Thiruvananthapuram.^[9]

Grantha[edit]

Grantha, Tigalari and Malayalam scripts

According to Arthur Coke Burnell, one form of the Grantha alphabet, originally used in the Chola dynasty, was imported into the southwest coast of India in the 8th or 9th century, which was then modified in course of time in this secluded area, where communication with the east coast was very limited.^[10] It later evolved into Tigalari-Malayalam script was used by the Malayali, Havyaka Brahmins and Tulu Brahmin people, but was originally only applied to write Sanskrit. This script split into two scripts: Tigalari and Malayalam. While Malayalam script was extended and modified to write vernacular language Malayalam, the Tigalari was written for Sanskrit only.^[10]^[11] In Malabar, this writing system was termed Arya-eluttu (ആര്യ എഴുത്ത്, Ārya eḻuttŭ),^[12] meaning “Arya writing” (Sanskrit is Indo-Aryan language while Malayalam is a Dravidian language).

Vatteluttu was in general use, but was not suitable for literature where many Sanskrit words were used. Like Tamil-Brahmi, it was originally used to write Tamil, and as such, did not have letters for voiced or aspirated consonants used in Sanskrit but not used in Tamil. For this reason, Vatteluttu and the Grantha alphabet were sometimes mixed, as in the Manipravalam. One of the oldest examples of the Manipravalam literature, Vaishikatantram (വൈശികതന്ത്രം, Vaiśikatantram), dates back to the 12th century,^[13]^[14] where the

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